June 2009

Exopolysaccharide is one of the major components in P. aeruginosa biofilms. Exopolysaccharide production is positively regulated by an intracellular second messenger, 3,5-cyclic diguanylic acid. The flower-shaped colony is formed in the mutant lacking tyrosine phosphatase (TpbA) activity, which results in increased 3,5-cyclic diguanylic acid concentrations and overproduction of exopolysaccharide. The tpbA mutant formed 147-fold more biofilms because of overproduction of exopolysaccharide triggered by the increased 3,5-cyclic diguanylic acid concentration. Therefore, biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa is significantly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation via TpbA (see Ueda and Wood, doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000483).

Image Credit: Akihiro Ueda and Thomas K. Wood, Texas A & M University

Editorial

“Pearls”: A New Type of Open-Access Educational Resource

Hiten D. Madhani, Kasturi Haldar, Grant McFadden

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000499

Opinion

Pandemic Vaccine Preparedness—Have We Left Something Behind?

Ilaria Capua, Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski, Elena Bertoli, Elisa Vicenzi

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000482

Pearls

Virus and Host Determinants of West Nile Virus Pathogenesis

Michael S. Diamond

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000452

Review

Efflux in Fungi: La Pièce de Résistance

Jeffrey J. Coleman, Eleftherios Mylonakis

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000486

Research Articles

The Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and the Small GTPase Rab 2 Are Crucial for Brucella Replication

Emilie Fugier, Suzana P. Salcedo, Chantal de Chastellier, Matthieu Pophillat, Alexandre Muller, Vilma Arce-Gorvel, Patrick Fourquet, Jean-Pierre Gorvel

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000487

Stage-Specific Inhibition of MHC Class I Presentation by the Epstein-Barr Virus BNLF2a Protein during Virus Lytic Cycle

Nathan P. Croft, Claire Shannon-Lowe, Andrew I. Bell, Daniëlle Horst, Elisabeth Kremmer, Maaike E. Ressing, Emmanuel J. H. J. Wiertz, Jaap M. Middeldorp, Martin Rowe, Alan B. Rickinson, Andrew D. Hislop

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000490

The Structure of a Biologically Active Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complex

Rocío Coloma, José M. Valpuesta, Rocío Arranz, José L. Carrascosa, Juan Ortín, Jaime Martín-Benito

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000491

Epstein-Barr Virus Latency in B Cells Leads to Epigenetic Repression and CpG Methylation of the Tumour Suppressor Gene Bim

Kostas Paschos, Paul Smith, Emma Anderton, Jaap M. Middeldorp, Robert E. White, Martin J. Allday

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000492

Ebola Zaire Virus Blocks Type I Interferon Production by Exploiting the Host SUMO Modification Machinery

Tsung-Hsien Chang, Toru Kubota, Mayumi Matsuoka, Steven Jones, Steven B. Bradfute, Mike Bray, Keiko Ozato

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000493

iNOS-Producing Inflammatory Dendritic Cells Constitute the Major Infected Cell Type during the Chronic Leishmania major Infection Phase of C57BL/6 Resistant Mice

Carl De Trez, Stefan Magez, Shizuo Akira, Bernhard Ryffel, Yves Carlier, Eric Muraille

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000494

Epigenetic Regulation of HIV-1 Latency by Cytosine Methylation

Steven E. Kauder, Alberto Bosque, Annica Lindqvist, Vicente Planelles, Eric Verdin

PLOS Pathogens: published June 26, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000495

Selective Processing and Metabolism of Disease-Causing Mutant Prion Proteins

Aarthi Ashok, Ramanujan S. Hegde

PLOS Pathogens: published June 19, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000479

Innate Immune Sensing of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) Is Mediated by TLR2-TLR6, MDA-5 and the NALP3 Inflammasome

Julie Delaloye, Thierry Roger, Quynh-Giao Steiner-Tardivel, Didier Le Roy, Marlies Knaup Reymond, Shizuo Akira, Virginie Petrilli, Carmen E. Gomez, Beatriz Perdiguero, Jürg Tschopp, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Mariano Esteban, Thierry Calandra

PLOS Pathogens: published June 19, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000480

Connecting Quorum Sensing, c-di-GMP, Pel Polysaccharide, and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through Tyrosine Phosphatase TpbA (PA3885)

Akihiro Ueda, Thomas K. Wood

PLOS Pathogens: published June 19, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000483

Vector Transmission of Leishmania Abrogates Vaccine-Induced Protective Immunity

Nathan C. Peters, Nicola Kimblin, Nagila Secundino, Shaden Kamhawi, Phillip Lawyer, David L. Sacks

PLOS Pathogens: published June 19, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000484

Intravenous Inoculation of a Bat-Associated Rabies Virus Causes Lethal Encephalopathy in Mice through Invasion of the Brain via Neurosecretory Hypothalamic Fibers

Mirjam A. R. Preuss, Marie-Luise Faber, Gene S. Tan, Michael Bette, Bernhard Dietzschold, Eberhard Weihe, Matthias J. Schnell

PLOS Pathogens: published June 19, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000485

Epigenetic Silencing of Host Cell Defense Genes Enhances Intracellular Survival of the Rickettsial Pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Jose C. Garcia-Garcia, Nicole C. Barat, Sarah J. Trembley, J. Stephen Dumler

PLOS Pathogens: published June 19, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000488

Zinc Coordination Is Required for and Regulates Transcription Activation by Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1

Siddhesh Aras, Gyanendra Singh, Kenneth Johnston, Timothy Foster, Ashok Aiyar

PLOS Pathogens: published June 12, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000469

Molecular Evolutionary Consequences of Niche Restriction in Francisella tularensis, a Facultative Intracellular Pathogen

Pär Larsson, Daniel Elfsmark, Kerstin Svensson, Per Wikström, Mats Forsman, Thomas Brettin, Paul Keim, Anders Johansson

PLOS Pathogens: published June 12, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000472

Influenza B Virus Ribonucleoprotein Is a Potent Activator of the Antiviral Kinase PKR

Bianca Dauber, Luis Martínez-Sobrido, Jana Schneider, Rong Hai, Zoe Waibler, Ulrich Kalinke, Adolfo García-Sastre, Thorsten Wolff

PLOS Pathogens: published June 12, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000473

MARCO, TLR2, and CD14 Are Required for Macrophage Cytokine Responses to Mycobacterial Trehalose Dimycolate and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Dawn M. E. Bowdish, Kaori Sakamoto, Mi-Jeong Kim, Mariliis Kroos, Subhankar Mukhopadhyay, Cynthia A. Leifer, Karl Tryggvason, Siamon Gordon, David G. Russell

PLOS Pathogens: published June 12, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000474

Production of Infectious Genotype 1b Virus Particles in Cell Culture and Impairment by Replication Enhancing Mutations

Thomas Pietschmann, Margarita Zayas, Philip Meuleman, Gang Long, Nicole Appel, George Koutsoudakis, Stephanie Kallis, Geert Leroux-Roels, Volker Lohmann, Ralf Bartenschlager

PLOS Pathogens: published June 12, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000475

Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Structure Predicts Serotype Prevalence

Daniel M. Weinberger, Krzysztof Trzciński, Ying-Jie Lu, Debby Bogaert, Aaron Brandes, James Galagan, Porter W. Anderson, Richard Malley, Marc Lipsitch

PLOS Pathogens: published June 12, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000476

Rapid Pathogen-Induced Apoptosis: A Mechanism Used by Dendritic Cells to Limit Intracellular Replication of Legionella pneumophila

Catarina V. Nogueira, Tullia Lindsten, Amanda M. Jamieson, Christopher L. Case, Sunny Shin, Craig B. Thompson, Craig R. Roy

PLOS Pathogens: published June 12, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000478

Recruitment of a SAP18-HDAC1 Complex into HIV-1 Virions and Its Requirement for Viral Replication

Masha Sorin, Jennifer Cano, Supratik Das, Sheeba Mathew, Xuhong Wu, Kelvin P. Davies, Xuanling Shi, S.-W. Grace Cheng, David Ott, Ganjam V. Kalpana

PLOS Pathogens: published June 5, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000463

Cross-Talk between TLR4 and FcγReceptorIII (CD16) Pathways

Daniel Rittirsch, Michael A. Flierl, Danielle E. Day, Brian A. Nadeau, Firas S. Zetoune, J. Vidya Sarma, Clement M. Werner, Guido A. Wanner, Hans-Peter Simmen, Markus S. Huber-Lang, Peter A. Ward

PLOS Pathogens: published June 5, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000464

A Lipid Receptor Sorts Polyomavirus from the Endolysosome to the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Cause Infection

Mengding Qian, Dawen Cai, Kristen J. Verhey, Billy Tsai

PLOS Pathogens: published June 5, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000465

Genomic Analyses of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an Emergent Pathogen of Honey Bees

R. Scott Cornman, Yan Ping Chen, Michael C. Schatz, Craig Street, Yan Zhao, Brian Desany, Michael Egholm, Stephen Hutchison, Jeffery S. Pettis, W. Ian Lipkin, Jay D. Evans

PLOS Pathogens: published June 5, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000466

Mosquitoes Put the Brake on Arbovirus Evolution: Experimental Evolution Reveals Slower Mutation Accumulation in Mosquito Than Vertebrate Cells

Nikos Vasilakis, Eleanor R. Deardorff, Joan L. Kenney, Shannan L. Rossi, Kathryn A. Hanley, Scott C. Weaver

PLOS Pathogens: published June 5, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000467

The Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-PLC in Trypanosoma brucei Forms a Linear Array on the Exterior of the Flagellar Membrane Before and After Activation

Orla Hanrahan, Helena Webb, Robert O'Byrne, Elaine Brabazon, Achim Treumann, Jack D. Sunter, Mark Carrington, H. Paul Voorheis

PLOS Pathogens: published June 5, 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000468

Cover

**The flower-shaped colony formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused by c-di-GMP overproduction via tyrosine phosphorylation.**