About the Authors

Sonja Lehtinen

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

sonja.lehtinen@bdi.ox.ac.uk

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

François Blanquart

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France

Marc Lipsitch

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Departments of Epidemiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Christophe Fraser

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

with the Maela Pneumococcal Collaboration

Membership of the Maela Pneumococcal Collaboration is listed in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

ML has received consulting fees/honoraria from Merck, Pfizer, Affinivax, and Antigen Discovery, Inc and grant support not related to this paper from Pfizer and PATH Vaccine Solutions.