About the Authors

Alexander Yaw Debrah

Contributed equally to this work with: Alexander Yaw Debrah, Sabine Mand

Affiliations Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany , Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana , Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Sabine Mand

Contributed equally to this work with: Alexander Yaw Debrah, Sabine Mand

Affiliation Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Sabine Specht

Affiliation Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Yeboah Marfo-Debrekyei

Affiliation Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana

Linda Batsa

Affiliation Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana

Kenneth Pfarr

Affiliation Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

John Larbi

Affiliation Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana

Bernard Lawson

Affiliation Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Mark Taylor

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Ohene Adjei

Affiliations Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana , School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Achim Hoerauf

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hoerauf@parasit.meb.uni-bonn.de

Affiliation Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

AH, MT, and OA conceived and designed the experiments. AYD, SM, SS, YMD, LB, KP, and JL performed the experiments. AYD, SM, BL, and AH analyzed the data. AYD, SM, and AH wrote the paper.