About the Authors

Yuqi Hu

Contributed equally to this work with: Yuqi Hu, Le Gao

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Le Gao

Contributed equally to this work with: Yuqi Hu, Le Gao

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology

Affiliations Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Department of Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China, Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China

Lingyue Zhou

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Wenlong Liu

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Cuiling Wei

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Boyan Liu

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Qi Sun

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Wenxin Tian

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR

Rachel Yui Ki Chu

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Song Song

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR

Franco Wing Tak Cheng

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Joe Kwun Nam Chan

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Amy Pui Pui Ng

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Heidi Ka Ying Lo

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Krystal Chi Kei Lee

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Wing Chung Chang

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, State Key Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

William Chi Wai Wong

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

Esther Wai Yin Chan

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR

Ian Chi Kei Wong

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, Advanced Data Analytics for Medical Science (ADAMS) Limited, Hong Kong SAR, Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Yi Chai

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

ychai@szu.edu.cn (YC); fttlai@hku.hk (FTTL)

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China

Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

ychai@szu.edu.cn (YC); fttlai@hku.hk (FTTL)

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Advanced Data Analytics for Medical Science (ADAMS) Limited, Hong Kong SAR

Competing Interests

ICKW received research grants from Amgen, Janssen, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Bayer and Bristol-Myers Squibb and Takeda, Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia, The European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, Research Grants Council Hong Kong and Health and Medical Research Fund Hong Kong; consulting fees from IQVIA and World Health Organization; payment for expert testimony for Appeal Court in Hong Kong; serves on advisory committees for Member of Pharmacy and Poisons Board; is a member of the Expert Committee on Clinical Events Assessment Following COVID-19 Immunization; is a member of the Advisory Panel on COVID-19 Vaccines of the Hong Kong Government; is the non-executive director of Jacobson Medical in Hong Kong; and is the founder and director of Therakind Limited (UK), Advance Data Analytics for Medical Science (ADAMS) Limited (HK), Asia Medicine Regulatory Affairs (AMERA) Services Limited and OCUS Innovation Limited (HK, Ireland and UK). EWC reported receiving grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the conduct of the study; non-financial support from Wellcome Trust; grants from Research Grants Council, Research Fund Secretariat of the Health Bureau (via the Health and Medical Research Fund), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Narcotics Division of the Security Bureau of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Pfizer, Takeda, Novartis, and RGA Reinsurance Company; and personal fees from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Hospital Authority outside the submitted work. FTTL was supported by the RGC Postdoctoral Fellowship under the Education Bureau of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government and has received research grants from the Health Bureau as well. The other authors declare no competing interest.