About the Authors

Kirsten E. Wiens

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Hanmeng Xu

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Kaiyue Zou

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

John Mwaba

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia

Justin Lessler

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Espoir Bwenge Malembaka

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Center for Tropical Diseases and Global Health (CTDGH), Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Maya N. Demby

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Godfrey Bwire

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda

Firdausi Qadri

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh

Elizabeth C. Lee

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Andrew S. Azman

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

azman@jhu.edu

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland, Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

Competing Interests

JL is a paid statistical advisor for PLOS Medicine.