About the Authors

Martha Betson

Affiliation Department of Production and Population Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom

Jose C. Sousa-Figueiredo

Affiliations Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Narcis B. Kabatereine

Affiliation Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda

J. Russell Stothard

jrstoth@liv.ac.uk

Affiliation Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JRS NBK JCSF. Performed the experiments: MB JCSF. Analyzed the data: MB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NBK JRS. Wrote the paper: MB. Collected samples and epidemiological data: MB JCSF JRS. Critically revised the manuscript: NBK JCSF JRS. Approved final version of manuscript: MB JCSF NBK JRS.