About the Authors

Haitham Elbir

Affiliation Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France

Mireille Henry

Affiliation Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France

Georges Diatta

Affiliation URMITE, UMR IRD 198 CNRS 7278, Dakar, Senegal

Oleg Mediannikov

Affiliations Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France, URMITE, UMR IRD 198 CNRS 7278, Dakar, Senegal

Cheikh Sokhna

Affiliation URMITE, UMR IRD 198 CNRS 7278, Dakar, Senegal

Adama Tall

Affiliation Institute Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal

Cristina Socolovschi

Affiliation Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France

Sally J. Cutler

Affiliation School of Health, Sports and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom

Kassahum D. Bilcha

Affiliation College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Jemal Ali

Affiliation College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Dayana Campelo

Affiliation Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Steven C. Barker

Affiliation Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Didier Raoult

Affiliation Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France

Michel Drancourt

Michel.Drancourt@univmed.fr

Affiliation Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: D. Raoult, M. Drancourt. Performed the experiments: H. Elbir, M. Henry, G. Diatta, O. Mediannikov, C. Sokhna, A. Tall, C. Socolovschi, J. Ali, K. Bilcha, D. Campelo. Analyzed the data: S. Cutler, S. Barker, D. Raoult, M. Drancourt. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: D. Raoult. Wrote the paper: H. Elbir, S. Cutler, S. Barker, D. Raoult, M. Drancourt.