About the Authors

Gregory C Kettler

Contributed equally to this work with: Gregory C Kettler, Adam C Martiny

Affiliations Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Adam C Martiny

Contributed equally to this work with: Gregory C Kettler, Adam C Martiny

¤ Current address: Department of Earth System Science and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Katherine Huang

Affiliation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeremy Zucker

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Maureen L Coleman

Affiliation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Sebastien Rodrigue

Affiliation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Feng Chen

Affiliation Joint Genome Institute, United States Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Alla Lapidus

Affiliation Joint Genome Institute, United States Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Steven Ferriera

Affiliation J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Justin Johnson

Affiliation J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Claudia Steglich

Affiliation Department of Biology II/Experimental Bioinformatics, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

George M Church

Affiliation Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Paul Richardson

Affiliation Joint Genome Institute, United States Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Sallie W Chisholm

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: chisholm@mit.edu

Affiliations Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

ACM, GMC, and SWC conceived and designed the experiments. ACM, SR, FC, AL, SF, JJ, CS, and PR performed the experiments. GCK, ACM, KH, JZ, and MLC analyzed the data. GCK, ACM, MLC, and SWC wrote the paper.