About the Authors

Meghan R. Hutch

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Jiyeon Son

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Trang T. Le

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Chuan Hong

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Xuan Wang

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michele Morris

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Alba Gutiérrez-Sacristán

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeffrey G. Klann

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Anastasia Spiridou

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Digital Research, Informatics and Virtual Environments (DRIVE), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom

Ashley Batugo

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Riccardo Bellazzi

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

Vincent Benoit

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation IT Department, Innovation & Data, APHP Greater Paris University Hospital, Paris, France

Clara-Lea Bonzel

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

William A. Bryant

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Digital Research, Informatics and Virtual Environments (DRIVE), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom

Lorenzo Chiudinelli

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UOC Ricerca, Innovazione e Brand reputation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy

Kelly Cho

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Population Health and Data Science, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America

Priyam Das

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Tomás González González

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Health Informatics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain

David A. Hanauer

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Darren W. Henderson

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Yuk-Lam Ho

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America

Ne Hooi Will Loh

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Anaesthesia, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore

Adeline Makoudjou

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Simran Makwana

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Alberto Malovini

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS, Pavia, Italy

Bertrand Moal

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation IAM Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France

Danielle L. Mowery

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Antoine Neuraz

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of biomedical informatics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malade, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), University of Paris, Paris, France

Malarkodi Jebathilagam Samayamuthu

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Fernando J. Sanz Vidorreta

Roles Data curation

Affiliation Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Emily R. Schriver

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Data Analytics Center, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Petra Schubert

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeffery Talbert

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America

Amelia L. M. Tan

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Byorn W. L. Tan

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore

Bryce W. Q. Tan

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore

Valentina Tibollo

Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS, Pavia, Italy

Patric Tippman

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Medical Biometry and University of Freiburg, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany

Guillaume Verdy

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation IAM Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France

William Yuan

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Paul Avillach

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Nils Gehlenborg

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Gilbert S. Omenn

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Internal Medicine, Human Genetics, Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

The Consortium for Clinical Characterization of COVID-19 by EHR (4CE)

Membership of The Consortium for Clinical Characterization of COVID-19 by EHR (4CE) can be found in the supporting information.

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Shyam Visweswaran

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Tianxi Cai

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Yuan Luo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Zongqi Xia

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

zxia1@post.harvard.edu

‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

All authors report no competing interests or conflicts of interest. JGK reports a consulting relationship with the i2b2-tranSMART Foundation through Invocate, Inc. RB reports being a shareholder of Biomeris s.r.l. and Engenome s.r.l. DAH reports entitled to royalties from the University of Michigan for licensing of the EMERSE "synonyms". AM’s work is being funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in Germany in the framework of the MIRACUM Consortium. AM reports being a shareholder of Biomeris s.r.l. BM reports being co-founder and equity owner from DESKI. DLM has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, Department of Veteran Affairs, and the University of Pittsburgh/Pittsburgh Health Data Alliance outside of this work. PA reports consulting for CCHMC and BCH. NG is a co-founder and equity owner of Datavisyn. ZX has served as a Consultant for Genentech/Roche. The institution of ZX has received research support from the National Institute of Health, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Food and Drug Administration, the Pittsburgh Foundation, the PNC Charitable Trust, the Ethel Vincent Trust, and Genentech / Roche.