About the Authors
- Meghan R. Hutch
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Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Jiyeon Son
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Trang T. Le
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Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Chuan Hong
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Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliations Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Xuan Wang
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Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Michele Morris
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Alba Gutiérrez-Sacristán
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Jeffrey G. Klann
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Anastasia Spiridou
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Digital Research, Informatics and Virtual Environments (DRIVE), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
- Ashley Batugo
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Riccardo Bellazzi
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Vincent Benoit
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation IT Department, Innovation & Data, APHP Greater Paris University Hospital, Paris, France
- Clara-Lea Bonzel
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Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- William A. Bryant
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Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Digital Research, Informatics and Virtual Environments (DRIVE), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
- Lorenzo Chiudinelli
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation UOC Ricerca, Innovazione e Brand reputation, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Kelly Cho
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliations Population Health and Data Science, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America
- Priyam Das
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Roles Data curation
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tomás González González
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Health Informatics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- David A. Hanauer
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Darren W. Henderson
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Yuk-Lam Ho
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Roles Data curation
Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ne Hooi Will Loh
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Anaesthesia, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
- Adeline Makoudjou
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Simran Makwana
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Alberto Malovini
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- Bertrand Moal
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation IAM Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- Danielle L. Mowery
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Antoine Neuraz
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of biomedical informatics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malade, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), University of Paris, Paris, France
- Malarkodi Jebathilagam Samayamuthu
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fernando J. Sanz Vidorreta
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Roles Data curation
Affiliation Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Emily R. Schriver
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Data Analytics Center, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Petra Schubert
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America
- Jeffery Talbert
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Amelia L. M. Tan
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Byorn W. L. Tan
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
- Bryce W. Q. Tan
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
- Valentina Tibollo
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Roles Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- Patric Tippman
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Institute of Medical Biometry and University of Freiburg, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- Guillaume Verdy
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Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation IAM Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- William Yuan
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Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Paul Avillach
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Nils Gehlenborg
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Gilbert S. Omenn
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Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Affiliation Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Internal Medicine, Human Genetics, Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- The Consortium for Clinical Characterization of COVID-19 by EHR (4CE)
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¶Membership of The Consortium for Clinical Characterization of COVID-19 by EHR (4CE) can be found in the supporting information.
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shyam Visweswaran
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Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Tianxi Cai
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Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Yuan Luo
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Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Zongqi Xia
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Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
* E-mail: zxia1@post.harvard.edu
¶‡ MRH, JS, TTL, CH, XW and ZSHA share first authorship on this work. SV, TC, YL and ZX are joint senior authors on this work.
Affiliation Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Competing Interests
All authors report no competing interests or conflicts of interest. JGK reports a consulting relationship with the i2b2-tranSMART Foundation through Invocate, Inc. RB reports being a shareholder of Biomeris s.r.l. and Engenome s.r.l. DAH reports entitled to royalties from the University of Michigan for licensing of the EMERSE "synonyms". AM’s work is being funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in Germany in the framework of the MIRACUM Consortium. AM reports being a shareholder of Biomeris s.r.l. BM reports being co-founder and equity owner from DESKI. DLM has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, Department of Veteran Affairs, and the University of Pittsburgh/Pittsburgh Health Data Alliance outside of this work. PA reports consulting for CCHMC and BCH. NG is a co-founder and equity owner of Datavisyn. ZX has served as a Consultant for Genentech/Roche. The institution of ZX has received research support from the National Institute of Health, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Food and Drug Administration, the Pittsburgh Foundation, the PNC Charitable Trust, the Ethel Vincent Trust, and Genentech / Roche.