http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6504-3253
Figures
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the one of the most common inherited diseases. It affects around 10,000 people in the UK, and the median survival age is 47. Recent developments making use of longitudinal patient registry data are producing more detailed and relevant information about predicted life expectancy in CF based on current age and clinical measurements. The objective of this study was toconduct an online survey of adults with CF living in the UK using a web-based questionnaire to investigate: (i) if and how they access information on life expectancy; (ii) what they use it for; (iii) if they want more personalised information on life expectancy or the time until other milestones. The survey was advertised through the Cystic Fibrosis Trust using social media. There were 85 respondents, covering men (39%) and women (61%) aged 16–65. 75% had received information on life expectancy either from their CF care team (34%) or other sources (71%), the most common being the Cystic Fibrosis Trust website and research literature. Most people who received information found it to be beneficial and reported using it in a variety of ways, including to plan strategies for maintaining as best health as possible and to psychologically manage current health status. 82% of respondents were interested in more personalised information about their life expectancy, and participants also noted interest in other outcomes, including time to needing transplant or reaching a low level of lung function. Themes arising in text responses included the importance of good communication of information, the difficulty of relating general information to one’s own circumstances, and a desire for increased information on factors that impact on survival in CF. As an outcome from this work, research is underway to establish how information on life expectancy can be presented to people with CF in an accessible way.
Citation: Keogh RH, Bilton D, Cosgriff R, Kavanagh D, Rayner O, Sedgwick PM (2019) Results from an online survey of adults with cystic fibrosis: Accessing and using life expectancy information. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0213639. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213639
Editor: Stefan Wölfl, Heidelberg University, GERMANY
Received: December 4, 2017; Accepted: February 26, 2019; Published: April 12, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Keogh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The data from this study are available on request from the London School of Hygiene and Medicine Data Compass (https://doi.org/10.17037/DATA.00001077). Only the responses to multiple choice questions are included in the available data; that is, free text responses have been removed. This is because we stated in the questionnaire information for respondents that free text responses would not be reproduced verbatim. Ages have been categorised as in Table 1.
Funding: This was supported by MRC Fellowship MR/M014827/1 to RHK. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Life expectancy for people with cystic fibrosis (CF) has increased considerably over recent decades due to improved treatments and care [1,2,3]. The estimated median survival age for babies born today with CF in the UK is 47 [4]. With increased life expectancy, it has become important to be able to predict prognosis. Numerous factors are associated with prognosis, including genotype, sex and clinical measurements such as pulmonary function. Several tools for prediction of survival in CF have been developed: for summaries see Buzetti et al [5], McCarthy et al [6], MacNeill [7]. Data from national patient registries provide the potential to develop prediction tools using longitudinal information from large samples with long-term follow-up and such tools have been developed using CF patient registry data in the US [8], Canada [9] and France [10]. Recent work using UK CF patient registry data has provided more detailed information on life expectancy for people with CF in the UK [11,12], including through a model providing ‘personalised’ predictions which take into account longitudinally collected clinical data available in the registry [13].
For survival prediction tools to be effective, it is necessary to ascertain if people with CF wish to have predicted life expectancy, and if so how it should be presented. However, there have been no prior studies to investigate this. To this end, we conducted an online survey targeted at people with CF aged 16 and over living in the UK to investigate: (i) if and how they access information on life expectancy; (ii) what they use it for; (iii) if they want more personalised information on life expectancy or the time until other milestones. This paper presents quantitative and qualitative results from the survey. The results are reported using the guidelines in the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES) [14].
Materials and methods
Design and development
The online survey consisted of a web-based questionnaire designed using Bristol Online Surveys (https://www.onlinesurveys.ac.uk) and accessed via a specific link. The target population was people with CF aged 16 and older living in the UK and the survey was available online for a two-week period (4–18 July 2016). This study was approved by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Research Ethics Committee (Reference 16138).
The questionnaire (S1 File; Table A in S2 File) was developed in close consultation with two patient advisors. It began with an explanation of who should complete it, how long it would take (around 10 minutes), where the results would be made available, and the anticipated value of the results for future research. Information about the researcher and a statement about funding were also given. The following filter statement was then used to clarify who should complete the questionnaire: “The questionnaire is designed to be completed only by people with CF who are aged 16 or older. I kindly request that you do not complete this questionnaire if you are aged under 16 or do not have CF.” Respondents were asked to confirm they were aged 16 or older using a tick box, and those reporting being under the age of 16 were directed to a message stating that the questionnaire was designed for people with CF aged 16 and older and requesting they do not continue. We followed guidelines for internet surveys, including institutional guidelines (LSHTM Standard Operating Procedure SOP-005-03, “Informed Consent for Research”), and used an implied informed consent model [14]. Following the above introductory information and age filter question, the following statement about ethics and consent was given: “By completing this questionnaire you consent to your responses being used to produce a summary of the results, which will be published in a report, a summary information sheet, and articles in academic journals. The questionnaire is anonymous. Text responses will be summarised so that they do not enable individuals to be identified. No individual text responses will be reproduced directly in the results summary. This project has been approved by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee.” By confirmation of meeting the inclusion criteria, informed consent was presumed. Parental or guardian consent was not sought for minors who completed the survey (those aged 16 or 17) and this was approved by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee. At the request of the Committee, we provided information on support available via CF Centres and the Cystic Fibrosis Trust Helpline at the start of the questionnaire, which was also repeated at the end of the questionnaire for those who completed it. Respondents could stop completing the questionnaire at any point and their results would not be saved. To help respondents to feel engaged with the research, they were asked at the end of the questionnaire to provide, if they wished, their email address, so that they could be sent information summarising the results of the survey (S3 File).
The questionnaire included 14 main questions and several sub-questions, with multiple choice or free text responses. The questions were under three subheadings: “About you”, “Whether and how you currently find information about life expectancy”, and “The potential for more personalised information on life expectancy”. Respondents were required to answer all questions, with the exception of some free text responses. Certain items were conditionally displayed based on responses to other items. Participants could not move on to the next page before all mandatory answers were completed. The majority of the multiple choice questions included an option of “Not sure”, “Prefer not to say”, or “Other”. Where “Other” was allowed we also enabled additional information to be added in a free text box. The questions were displayed over 3 pages. The introductory information, including filter statement, was displayed over 4 pages. Three further pages of information were presented at the end: these gave respondents the opportunity to provide their email address in order to receive a summary of the results, reminded them of support available, gave information about when and where the results would be made available, and thanked them for their participation. Participants could go back to review and change previous answers at any time before pressing “Finish” and there was an option on the last page to enable participants to download their responses.
All survey responses were collected by the Bristol Online Surveys system over encrypted SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) connections (https://www.onlinesurveys.ac.uk/help-support/bos-security/). No cookies were used. The response data were downloaded from the Bristol Online Surveys system by the main investigator (via a password), stored securely and are held in compliance with institutional requirements.
Pilot versions of the questionnaire were created and tested, including by patient representatives, to identify any issues arising with wording, question skips, typographical errors, and so on. We tested that the questionnaire worked on mobile phones and tablets as well as computers.
Recruitment
We used an open survey that could be completed by anyone visiting the website, resulting in a convenience sample. The survey was open for two weeks (4th-18th July 2016) and was advertised at the start of this period by the Cystic Fibrosis Trust using Facebook and Twitter via a link to an article about the investigator and research [15]. Reminders were placed after 1 week. The survey was also promoted by others on social media.
Analysis
The response data were exported from the Bristol Online Surveys system as an excel spreadsheet. Data were subsequently manipulated and analysed using the R statistical software. Multiple choice responses were summarised by the numbers/percentages selecting each response. Free text responses were read and paraphrased so that no responses were directly reproduced, in accordance with information provided to respondents in the introduction to the questionnaire. Some very similar responses were combined, and the resulting combined responses are reported in their paraphrased form Free text responses were also summarised in themes, following guidance on thematic qualitative analysis [16]. The themes were data driven. The analysis included detailed familiarisation with the text responses, identification of features, and their consolidation into themes. This task was performed by RK, with input from all authors on the identification of key themes and their interpretation. It was hypothesized that responses may differ according to certain demographics. It was therefore investigated whether responses to the main questions (Questions 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14) differed by sex, age (under 30; 30+), and siblings status (no siblings with CF; siblings with CF). Tests of differences by demographic group were performed using Fisher’s exact test. Only completed questionnaires were analysed. The Bristol Online Surveys system did not record data from partially completed questionnaires.
Participant feedback
The survey results were summarised in a pictorial information sheet, produced by a professional designer, and were publicised by the Cystic Fibrosis Trust through social media, in an online magazine article [17], and in a blog [18]. Respondents who provided an email address when they completed the questionnaire were emailed the information sheet directly.
Results
Response rates
The questionnaire was completed by 85 individuals. A total of 339 people accessed the first page of the survey: 216 stopped on page 1, which was the introduction to the questionnaire and research; a further 8 progressed through to the age filter question and to the ethics and consent statement (pages 2–3) but no further; 30 partially completed the questionnaire (page 5–9). Of those who viewed at least the first page, 34% (115/339) answered at least one question and 25% (85/339) completed the questionnaire. Of those who progressed beyond the introductory information and started the questionnaire, 74% (85/115) completed it and a further 10 answered all questions but did not submit their responses. The Bristol Online Survey system does not give the number of site visitors, but gave a response rate of 17%, indicating it was just over 500.
Most responses came on the first day it was released online and it appears that the use of reminder messages was successful in increasing the number of responses (Figure A in S2 File). Table B in S2 File gives information about exposure on social media. Most responses appear to have originated from the Facebook link. 56 of the 85 respondents (66%) expressed interest in seeing the results by providing an email address.
All subsequent analyses are based on the data from the 85 individuals who completed the questionnaire.
Respondent characteristics
Respondent characteristics, based on data from the “About you” section of the questionnaire, are summarised in Table 1. 61% (n = 52) were female and the median age was 30 (range 16–65). Eight were not living in the UK, but all respondents were retained for subsequent analyses. The majority (69%, n = 59) were employed or studying. 52% (n = 44) were living with a partner, spouse or their children, and 34% (n = 29) were living with parents or other relatives. The majority of respondents had siblings (92%, n = 78), of whom 21% (n = 16) had one or more siblings with CF.
Current access to and use of life expectancy information
Table 2 summarises responses to the questionnaire section on “Whether and how you currently find information about life expectancy”. A total of 64 respondents (75%) had obtained information on life expectancy, either from their CF care team (34%, n = 29) or other sources (71%, n = 60). The Cystic Fibrosis Trust website and research literature were the most the most commonly reported sources. Not everyone who sought information from their CF care team had received it.
Table F in S2 File shows results separately by sex, age and siblings status. Overall, 21 (25%) respondents received information on life expectancy as part of routine care, of whom 10 were women (19% of women) and 11 were men (33% of men) (p-value for a difference: 0.016). People aged under 30 were more likely to have been provided with information on life expectancy as part of their routine care, but less likely to save sought information from their CF care team or other sources: these differences were not statistically significant. A greater proportion of those without CF siblings compared to those with CF siblings had actively sought information on life expectancy from their CF care team (no siblings with CF: 30%, siblings with CF: 13%) and from other sources (no siblings with CF: 35%, siblings with CF: 6%), though only the latter was statistically significant (p-value = 0.031).
People reported using information on life expectancy in various ways (Table 3), the most common being to plan strategies for maintaining as best health as possible and to psychologically manage current health status. Of 25 participants who had not sought information from any source, 7 provided further text responses, which are summarised in Table C in S2 File. Key themes for these respondents were that they viewed such information as negative and preferred to focus positively on living life rather than death, considered it was not relevant to them, and assumed that their life expectancy depends on unknown future developments in treatment. Another respondent commented that life expectancy is difficult to talk about.
Additional text responses were given by 18 individuals (summarised in Table D in S2 File) about other sources of information they had used or what they had found beneficial about the information they had accessed. Other sources mentioned included Wikipedia, Google, presentations, and the general media.Topics covered in the (paraphrased) responses included: life expectancy is an emotional topic for discussion with the CF care team and it can be easier to investigate it by yourself, although information online is ‘generic’ while the care team knows you; there is a desire for honest and balanced information on life expectancy and comments that generic information doesn’t apply easily to individuals, especially after reaching the current estimated median age of survival; terminology around life expectancy can be confusing; it is important to balance scientific information with information on individual experiences; CF affects people differently and it can be difficult to relate the information available to your own condition. One respondent recalled having only discovered by chance at a young age that life expectancy was lower for people with CF.
Interest in personalised information
Table 4 summarises responses to the questionnaire section on “The potential for more personalised information on life expectancy”. Nearly three quarters of respondents (73%, n = 62) indicated interest in personalised information about life expectancy, and 82% (n = 70) expressed interest in personalised information indicating how they are doing relative to other people of the same age, even if they are not specifically interested in life expectancy. The numbers who would prefer to receive such information by themselves or via their doctor were similar. Overall, 54% (n = 46) of respondents reported interest in personalised information on reaching certain milestones. The most frequently mentioned were transplant (63%, n = 29), reaching certain levels of lung function (52%, n = 24), and acquisition of infections (28%, n = 13). Other milestones related to ability to work, quality of life, living independently, CF-related disease and hospitalisation.
A higher proportion of women than men were interested in more personalised information about their life expectancy (women: 75%, men: 70%) (Table F in S2 File), but were also more likely to say they were not sure (women: 19%, men: 6%), while men were more likely to say they did not want such information (women: 6%, men: 24%) (overall p-value = 0.019). A greater proportion of women reported an interest in more personalised information about life expectancy as an indicator of how they are doing (women: 90%, men: 70%) (p-value = 0.020). Younger people were more likely to be interested in personalised information on life expectancy (under 30: 78%, 30+: 69%) (p-value = 0.687) and in such information as an indicator of how they are doing (under 30: 93%, 30+: 73%) (p-value = 0.024). There was little difference between the siblings groups in terms of interest in personalised information.
Text response themes
There were several places in the questionnaire where text responses could be given. Some of these were summarised above and in more detail in Tables C and D in S2 File. At the end of the questionnaire respondents were also asked: “Is there any information you would like to access about your life expectancy or about reaching other milestones which has not been covered here, and if so what?”. The responses are given in Table E in S2 File. These included comments about how clinical factors and use of medications relate to life expectancy. Another theme was interest in more information about disease progression, including CF-related diabetes related complications, post-transplant survival, and patterns of decline. Other respondents noted the difficulty of making life decisions and said that more information on outcomes could help with decision making. People also indicated an interest in comparing themselves with others with CF, in terms of their health status and how they go about their care. The importance of good communication of information on life expectancy was mentioned, including that it could be used positively as a motivator.
Across the three main questions where text responses were obtained (10g, 10h, 15) the following three main themes were identified:
Communication of information: There is a need for information on life expectancy to be communicated effectively and honestly, with a balance between scientific results and individual experiences. This is an emotional topic and it can be easier to investigate alone, although discussion with the CF care team can provide more personally relevant information.
Personally relevant information: It is difficult to relate generic information to oneself. More information on outcomes could help individuals face decisions relating to family, work, and finances. For some, it would be useful to compare themselves to others with CF in terms of health status and care routines.
Improving understanding of CF: Respondents were interested in more information about how life expectancy was affected by clinical factors, and how it might be improved by modifiable factors; the effects of current medications and prospects for future medications; and other outcomes including post-transplant survival and patterns of decline.
Discussion
The aim of this survey was to investigate if and how adults with CF access information about life expectancy, how they use it, and whether they are interested in more personalised information. The following messages emerged:
- Respondents typically received some information on life expectancy, with sources including their CF care team, the Cystic Fibrosis Trust and research literature; usually they found the information to be beneficial.
- Respondents used information on life expectancy in various ways, including helping them manage their health status, plan health strategies and making life plans.
- Information on life expectancy was viewed as negative by some respondents, suggesting scope for emphasising the positive aspects of such information.
- Respondents were interested in personally tailored information on life expectancy, and about how their circumstances relate to others with CF. Respondents expressed interest in receiving information via both care teams and online sources.
- Respondents were interested in other milestones, including quality-of-life, suggesting scope for the involvement of people with CF in informing research questions.
- People with CF face difficult challenges in making plans. More information on outcomes and progression could be helpful.
This study was the first to investigate access to life expectancy information in people with CF. We have shown that an online approach is feasible for investigating this sensitive topic. The number of responses was much greater than would have been possible using face-to-face interviews. The response quality was high, with respondents giving detailed text responses. The qualitative summary of text responses was data-driven rather than being defined using pre-determined themes and responses were reviewed by all authors to avoid specific researcher bias. An online questionnaire was chosen over face-to-face interviews for several reasons. Previous research in the UK CF Registry Survey 2016 [19] suggested that online surveys were favourable in this population and would elicit a greater number of respondents; it avoided cross-infection, was more convenient for participants, and allowed participants to consider their answers without pressure. A limitation of this study is that respondents were self-selected and therefore may not be representative of the population of adults with CF. However, it is reassuring that a sizeable minority reported little interest in information on their life expectancy, suggesting that the questionnaire did not just attract people with particular interest in gaining more information on life expectancy. The respondents included both men and women across a wide age range. We compared the sex and age characteristics of the study population with that of the UK CF population aged 16 and over using data available in the 2016 UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry report [4]. The study population had a higher percentage of females (61% compared to 46%). They also tended to be slightly older, with a median age of 30, compared to 50% of those in the registry (aged 16 and over) being in age groups 16–19, 20–23 and 24–27. The number of respondents to the survey (85) was small relative to the underlying UK CF population, with the UK CF Registry recording data on 5851 individuals aged 16 and over in the year the survey was conducted (2016). However, recent online surveys conducted in the CF community would suggest it is difficult to recruit a large number of respondents. The 2016 UK CF Registry Survey had 224 respondents with CF, of whom 68% were female. Also in 2016, the James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership conducted a survey to elicit opinions about research priorities in CF [20]. This survey involved two stages, that is ‘elicitation’ and ‘prioritisation’, which received respectively 95 and 121 responses from people with CF. Both surveys had additional respondents from other members of the CF community, including parents/guardians and medical professionals.
With patient registry data it is possible to develop personally tailored information on life expectancy and milestones [13]. Receiving personalised information was seen as desirable by many respondents, although not everybody will want it. Therefore, it is important that careful consideration be given as to how this information is delivered. Respondents expressed interest in receiving information via care teams and online. It is important that patients and caregivers be supported to interpret information on estimated survival estimates, together with the caveats and uncertainties involved. An area for further study would be to investigate how receiving information of life expectancy could impact on quality of life and clinical outcomes. In addition to providing information to people with CF and their families and care team, personalised prognostic information could inform decisions surrounding treatment, including listing for transplantation. There is much scope for qualitative work involving patients and clinicians to better understand how they make use of survival data in CF, drawing on insights from the risk communication literature [21,22]. Follow-up work motivated by the outcomes from this study is now underway to assess communication of survival information to adults with CF. It is hoped our results will encourage further qualitative work in this area and help initiate conversations about life expectancy between CF professionals and their patients.
Supporting information
S1 File. The questionnaire (designed using Bristol Online Surveys https://www.onlinesurveys.ac.uk/) as it appeared online, in pdf form.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213639.s001
(PDF)
S3 File. The information sheet summarising the results, as sent out to respondents who supplied their email address and as publicised via various routes.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213639.s003
(PDF)
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to the people who responded to the questionnaire. The authors thank the Cystic Fibrosis Trust for advertising the questionnaire and supporting the study, as well as individuals and cf/Aware who raised awareness on social media. The authors are very grateful also to Ute Schauberger who designed the information sheet that summarises the results (S3 File). The authors are grateful to several people who proofread and commented on draft versions of the questionnaire.
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