Figures
Abstract
Background
The role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene polymorphisms in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been reported with inconsistent results. This meta-analysis was performed to assess the association of MMP-1 -1607G/GG and MMP-9 -1562C/T promoter polymorphisms with COPD susceptibility.
Methods
Published case-control studies from Pubmed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were retrieved. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
Results
A total of fourteen case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled effect size showed an association of MMP-9 -1562 C/T with the risk of COPD (dominant model: TT+CT vs CC; OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.02–2.08; p = 0.04). However, no correlation with COPD was revealed in MMP-1 -1607G/GG polymorphism. When stratified by ethnicity, results indicated MMP-1 -1607G/GG (recessive model: G/G vs G/GG+GG/GG; OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.01–1.44; p = 0.04) and MMP-9 -1562 C/T (dominant model; OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.01–2.71; p = 0.04) were correlated with COPD susceptibility among Caucasians and Asians respectively. According to source of controls, signifiant association of MMP-9 -1562 C/T (additive model: T vs C; OR:1.71, 95% CI: 1.42–2.07; p<0.00001, and dominant model; OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.34–2.76; p = 0.0004) with COPD susceptibility was revealed in the subgroup with smoker-based controls. However, in the aforementioned risk estimates, only the association of MMP-9 -1562 C/T (additive and dominant models) with the risk of COPD in the subgroup with smoker-based controls persisted significantly after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Moreover, after excluding the studies without Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and/or with small sample size, the pooled results were robust and no publication bias was found in this study.
Citation: Chen L, Wang T, Liu L, Shen Y, Wan C, Wen F (2013) Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 -1562C/T Promoter Polymorphism Confers Risk for COPD: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 8(3): e60523. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060523
Editor: Mark Allen Pershouse, University of Montana, United States of America
Received: September 25, 2012; Accepted: February 28, 2013; Published: March 28, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported in part by grants 31000513, 31171103, 81200031, and 81230001 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The funders (grants 31000513, 31171103, 81200031, and 81230001 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China) have no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a worldwide disease, characterized by not fully reversible and progressive airflow limitation. To date, although the underlying mehanisms of COPD have not been fully understood, a genetic predisposition of COPD has been strongly evidenced [1].
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), members of the metzincin group of proteases, have an important part in COPD, owing to their functions as degradation of components of extracellular matrix and regulators of extracellular signaling networks [2]. The role of MMP gene polymorphisms in COPD has been suggested [3], although no MMP polymorphisms have been reported to be correlated with COPD in recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) [4]. However, i) most of the recent GWAS were performed in the Northern European populations with limited population size and no diverse ethnicities [5], ii) SNPs that possibly had significance but not to reach the genome-wide significant level might be covered in GWAS [6]. Consequently, the lack of GWAS results at the MMP loci for COPD do not preclude the involvement of polymorphisms in MMP genes with COPD.
In the past decade, the association of MMP-1 -1607 G/GG and MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphisms in the promotor region with COPD susceptibility have been reported with diverse results [6]–[19]. Ethnic difference, clinical heterogeneity and small sample size in individual studies may account for the inconsistent results with lower statistical powers, and a meta-analysis has been considered to be a useful means to pool the independent statistical powers and thus achieve a quantitative understanding of the associations. Accordingly, in the present study, a meta-analysis was performed to determine the MMP-1 -1607 G/GG and MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphisms and the risk of COPD.
Methods
Search strategy
Literature search was conducted using the databases, including Pubmed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (http://www.cnki.net/). CNKI database was found by Tsinghua University of China in 1996 and includes over 8000 Chinese journals covering natural and social sciences. The languages were limited to English and Chinese. The following search terms were utilized: matrix metalloproteinase or MMP, and gene polymorphism or polymorphism, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD. The PRISMA flow diagram (Figure S1) and checklist (Table S1) were available as supporting information.
Data extraction
Two independent reviewers collected the data according to an inclusion and exclusion critera. For inclusion in the meta-analysis, retrieved articles had to inform number of cases and controls, and number of individuals genotype in cases and controls. Exlusion criteria in the meta-analysis were 1) not case-control genetic study, 2) duplicated report, 3) no useful data reported, 4) other MMP polymorphisms except MMP-1 -1607 G/GG and MMP-9 -1562 C/T. Unpublished data were not considered. Disagreement was resolved by discussion before reaching a consensus. If more than one article was published by the same group using the same cases, the study with higher sample size was selected.
Statistical analyses
In the present meta-analysis, three genetic models were used as follows: 1) additive (for MMP-1 -1607 G/GG, G vs GG and for MMP-9 -1562 C/T, T vs C); 2) dominant (for MMP-1 -1607 G/GG, G/G+G/GG vs GG/GG and for MMP-9 -1562 C/T, TT+CT vs CC); 3) recessive (for MMP-1 -1607 G/GG, G/G vs G/GG+GG/GG and for MMP-9 -1562 C/T, TT vs CT+CC). Categorical variables were presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Pooled ORs with 95% CI were calculated and p<0.05 was accepted with statistical significance. Heterogeneity was checked by the Q test. Meta-analysis was done with the fixed-effects model when there was no heterogeneity (p≥0.1). Otherwise, the random-effects model was used. Subgroup analysis was performed by enthinity and source of controls to assess the effect of possible clinical heterogeneity on the summary ORs. Bonferroni correction was utilized for multiple testing. Because multiple comparisons in the two polymorphisms were performed 15 times respectively, the P value lesser than 0.05/15 (0.0033) was accepted for statistical significance after Bonferroni correction. Pearson's χ2 test was used to determine whether the observed frequencies of genotypes in controls conformed to the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Studies with controls that depart from HWE (p<0.05) and/or with a small number cases (n≤60) were subjected to a sensitivity analysis in order to check the consistency of the overall effect size. Funnel plots, as well as the Begg's rank correlation test and Egger's linear regression test, was used to inspect the potential publication bias, and p<0.05 was considered significant publication bias. All analyses were conducted using Revman 5.0 (Oxford, UK, The Cochrane Collaboration) and Stata 11.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).
Results
Studies included in the meta-analysis
Thirty-nine studies were relevant to the search terms. After reviewing the titles, abstracts and articles, twenty-five studies were excluded and thus a total of fourteen studies matched the inclusion criteria (Figure 1). Of the fourteen included studies, 1) nine were published in English, and other five in Chinese; 2) three studies examined the MMP-1 -1607G/GG polymorphism, six examined the MMP-9 -1562C/T polymorphism and five examined both the polymorphisms. These studies had been carried out in China, Japan, Korea, USA, Russia, Brazil and Europe. The main features of the studies included in this meta-analysis were presented in Table 1.
Quantitative synthesis
Combined results indicated significant association of MMP-9 -1562C/T with an increased risk of COPD using a dominant model (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.02–2.08; p = 0.04), However, no association was found between MMP-1 -1607G/GG and the risk of COPD. In the ethnicity-specific subgroup analysis, MMP-1 -1607G/GG polymorphism had a higher risk for COPD in Caucasians in a recessive model (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01–1.44; p = 0.04), however, the same pattern of result was found for MMP-9 -1562C/T polymorphism in Asians using a dominant model (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.01–2.71; p = 0.04). Moreover, according to source of controls, signficant association of MMP-9 -1562C/T with COPD risk was revealed in the subgroup with smoker-based controls in the additive (OR:1.71, 95% CI: 1.42–2.07; p<0.00001) (Figure 2A) and dominant (OR:1.92, 95% CI:1.34–2.76; p = 0.0004) (Figure 2B) genetic models, while there was no association between MMP-1 -1607G/GG and COPD risk. However, after Bonferroni correction, the association of MMP-9 –1562C/T polymorphism in the subgroup of smoker-based controls and COPD risk (additive and dominant models) persisted significantly, while no other associations were found. The main results of pooled estimates in this meta-analysis were presented in Table 2.
Test of Heterogeneity
Significant heterogeneity was revealed between all studies in the meta-analysis, and the source of heterogeneity was detected by ethnicity and source of controls. When stratified by ethnicity, using the three genetic models, no heterogeneity was observed in the studies on both polymorphisms in Caucasians, but not Asians (data not shown). According to source of controls, no significant heterogeneity for MMP-1 -1607G/GG and MMP-9 -1562C/T was revealed in the subgroup with population-based controls, while there was significant heterogeneity in smoker-based control subgroups except for MMP-9 -1562C/T in the additive (I2 = 43%, p = 0.10) and recessive (I2 = 39%, p = 0.14) models.
Sensitivity analyses
In the present meta-analysis, five studies (three for MMP-1 -1607G/GG and two for MMP-9 -1562C/T) were lack of HWE and/or smaller sample size, which had a potential to influence the robustness of the present meta-analysis. However, exclusion of these studies did not significantly alter the pattern of the pooled effect size in both polymorphisms (data not shown).
Publication bias
The funnel plots showed no sigificant asymmetry in studies on both polymorphisms (data not shown). Moreover, publication bias was not suggested by Begg's rank correlation test (MMP-1 -1607G/GG: p = 0.902 for additive model, p = 1.000 for dominant model, p = 0.108 for recessive model; MMP-9 -1562C/T: p = 0.917 for additive model, p = 0.436 for dominant model, p = 0.283 for recessive model) and Egger's linear regression test (MMP-1 -1607G/GG: p = 0.900 for additive model, p = 0.490 for dominant model, p = 0.202 for recessive model; MMP-9 -1562C/T: p = 0.570 for additive model, p = 0.068 for dominant model, p = 0.077 for recessive model).
Discussion
MMP-1 and MMP-9, major members of MMPs, contribute to the development of cigarette-induced emphysema [20]–[21]. Recently, association of MMP-1 -1607G/GG and MMP-9 -1562C/T with COPD caught more attention, because the two promoter polymorphisms had substantial effects on gene expression and/or function [22]–[24]. However, conflicting results about the association were reported in the past decade.
In this meta-analysis, MMP-9 -1562C/T, but not MMP-1 -1607G/GG, was found to be correlated with COPD in a dominant model, indicating individuals carrying at least a T allele may have a higher risk for COPD than those carrying C homozygote. Interestingly, in the included studies, minor allele frequency (MAF) for MMP-1 -1607 G/GG was dramatically different between Asians and Caucasians, while MAF for MMP-9 -1562C/T in Caucasians was within the range of that in Asians, which manifested MMP-1 -1607 G/GG polymorphism for COPD was probably in an ethnicity-specific pattern and the variability of MMP-9 -1562C/T for COPD might be across different ethnicities or geographic locations. However, significant heterogeneity was revealed between all studies. To identify the source of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis was performed according to ethnicity and source of controls. Pooled ORs by meta-analysis suggested an ethnicity-dependent results that MMP-1 -1607G/GG in Caucasians (recessive model) and MMP-9 -1562C/T in Asians (dominant model) were risk factors for COPD. Noticeably, no heterogeneity was observed in the studies on both polymorphisms in Caucasians. Futhermore, according to source of controls, there was a signficant association of MMP-9 -1562C/T with COPD risk in the subgroup with smoker-based controls, with no heterogeneity in the additive and recessive models. However, the same pattern of result was not observed in the analysis of MMP-1 -1607G/GG polymorphism. These data suggested different ethnicity and source of controls may account for the overall heterogeneity. Noticeably, after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, only the association of MMP-9 -1562C/T polymorphism (additive and dominant models) in the subgroup of smoker-based controls and COPD risk persisted significantly, while no other associations were found. In the assessment of the robustness of this meta-analysis, no significant alteration of the total effect size in both polymorphisms was detected with exclusion of the studies for departure from the HWE and/or smaller sample size. Publication bias was not suggested in the present study, possibly owing to the deliberate search strategy and data extraction.
However, some limitations should be considered. First, the pooled estimates in this meta-analysis were not based on adjustment by confused factors, such as sex, age, smoking history. Second, some of the studies had small sample size and did not have adequate power to detect the risk for COPD. Third, lack of the original data in the studies limited our further analysis of the potential interactions between gene and gene, or gene and environment, which might modulate COPD risk.
In conclusion, although the pooled estimates should be interpreted with caution, our meta-analysis suggests, when using healthy smokers as controls, MMP-9 -1562C/T, but not MMP-1 -1607G/GG polymorphism is associated with the risk of COPD. However, large sample size studies with unbiased genotyping methods, standardized defined COPD cases and matched controls in different populations, and more detailed data about individual and environment are warranted. Additionally, investigators should pay more attention to the combined effects on gene-gene and gene-environment interactions that may lead to a better understanding of the association of MMP gene polymorphisms with COPD risk.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LC FQW. Performed the experiments: LC LL YCS. Analyzed the data: LC TW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CW LL. Wrote the paper: LC.
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