About the Authors

Hiroto Minamino

Contributed equally to this work with: Hiroto Minamino, Masao Katsushima

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

h_minamino74@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp (HM); hashimoto.motomu@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp (MH); yfujita9@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp (YF)

Affiliations Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan

Masao Katsushima

Contributed equally to this work with: Hiroto Minamino, Masao Katsushima

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Motomu Hashimoto

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

h_minamino74@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp (HM); hashimoto.motomu@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp (MH); yfujita9@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp (YF)

Affiliations Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan

Yoshihito Fujita

Roles Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

h_minamino74@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp (HM); hashimoto.motomu@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp (MH); yfujita9@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp (YF)

Affiliation Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Mie Torii

Roles Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Kaori Ikeda

Roles Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Nozomi Isomura

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Yasuo Oguri

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Wataru Yamamoto

Roles Data curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Health Information Management, Kurashiki Sweet Hospital, Okayama, Japan

Ryu Watanabe

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan

Kosaku Murakami

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Koichi Murata

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Kohei Nishitani

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Masao Tanaka

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Hiromu Ito

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan

Miyabi Uda

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Kazuko Nin

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Hidenori Arai

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan

Shuichi Matsuda

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Akio Morinobu

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Nobuya Inagaki

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Competing Interests

M.H., R.W., K.M. (Murata), and M.T. (Tanaka) are members of a department financially supported by Nagahama City, Shiga, Japan, Toyooka City, Hyogo, Japan and five pharmaceutical companies (Tanabe-Mitsubishi, Chugai, UCB Japan, Ayumi and Asahi-Kasei). This study (KURAMA cohort study) is supported by a grant from Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd. M.H. receives grants and/or speaker fees from Bristol-Meyers, Eisai, Eli Lilly, and Tanabe Mitsubishi. R.W. receives speaker’s fee from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, AbbVie, Asahi Kasei, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Janssen. K.N. (Nishitani) receives a research grant from Asahi-Kasei Pharma. H.I. receives a research grant and/or speaker fee from Bristol-Myers, Kyocera, and Asahi-Kasei. S.M. receives grants and/or speaker fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Asahi-Kasei, Chugai, Ayumi, and Tanabe Mitsubishi. A.M. receives speaking fees and/or research grants from Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Pfizer Inc., UCB Japan, AbbVie G.K., Asahi Kasei Pharma and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. H.M., M.K., Y.F., M.T., K.I., N.I., Y.O., W.Y., R.W, K.M.(Murakami), K.M. (Murata), M.U, K.N. (Nin), H.A., and N.I. declare no conflicts of interest. The sponsors had no role in the design of the study, the collection or analysis of the data, the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The authors, their immediate families, and any research foundations with which they are affiliated have not received any financial payments or other benefits from any commercial entity related to the subject of this article.