About the Authors

Kanna Hayashi

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

bccsu-kh@bccsu.ubc.ca

Affiliations British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

Lianping Ti

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliations British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Huiru Dong

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Brittany Bingham

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Andrew Day

Roles Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Ronald Joe

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Rolando Barrios

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Kora DeBeck

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada, School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada

M-J Milloy

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Thomas Kerr

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Competing Interests

MJM’s institution (the University of British Columbia) has received an unstructured gift from NG Biomed, Ltd., to support him. The funder did not play any role in the study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Further, this does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.